In mid-1944, the Red Army recognized that it might need tanks that could consistently and reliably destroy the Wehrmacht’s most well-armored tanks. The Red Army fielded few tanks that could destroy the King Tiger, Elefant, and Jagdtiger reliably from medium-long ranges. Although it is true that the ISU-122, ISU-122s, ISU-152, and IS-2 were capable of destroying German heavy tanks, their combat results were not consistent enough. As a result, starting in June of 1944, five “BM” (“High Power” – Russian: “высокой мощности”) guns were developed for the ISU chassis. The resulting vehicles were: Object 243 (ISU-122-1 with the 122mm BL-9 gun), Object 246 (ISU-152-1 with the 152mm BL-8 gun), Object 247 (ISU-152-2 with the 152mm BL-10 gun), Object 250 (ISU-130 with the 130mm S-26 gun), and Object 251 (ISU-122-3 with the 122mm S-26-1 gun). More gun projects were being developed at this time, but no others appeared to be mounted onto a chassis. The guns proved capable, on paper, of destroying tanks such as the Jagdtiger, but testing showed that they were simply not practical. Moreover, these projects took well over a year to refine, and seeing as though the war ended before they were complete, they were all dropped.

自1944年以来，苏联红军意识到，他们需要一种能够可靠性良好的坦克，他能够轻松击毁德军使用的重装坦克。然而红军在战场上很少有能够在中远距离可靠的击穿虎王，象式，甚至猎虎的坦克。这是因为尽管他们拥有ISU-122，ISU-122s, ISU-152, 以及IS-2可以击穿德国的重型坦克的正面，但实际上战斗击穿率却不够稳定。因此，从1944年6月开始，俄军为ISU底盘开发了5门“BM”(俄语中“强力”的意思“высокой мощности”)主炮。而装载了这些火炮的底盘分别称为243工程(装载122mm BL-9火炮的ISU-122-1)，246工程(装载152mm BL-8火炮的ISU-152-1)，247工程(装载152mm BL-10火炮的ISU-152-2)，250工程(装载130mm S-26火炮的ISU-130)，以及251工程(装载122mm S-26-1 火炮的ISU-122-3)。其实还有更多的火炮项目在同步开发当中，但是真正装载在车体上的只有这五个。虽然理论上来说这些火炮都能够稳定击穿像猎虎这样的重型坦克，但是实验证明，这些坦克实际上是不可行的。另外，由于改进这些项目所花费的时间都超过了一年，因此直到战争结束都未能结束研制，因此它们也全部下马了。

Context: Soviet guns against German armor

苏联火炮 VS 德国装甲

为什么要发展这个项目?

Mythbusting: The SU-152 and ISU-152 were “Beast Killers”

流言终结者之一：SU-152和ISU-152是“动物园杀手”

Soviet wartime propaganda suggested that the SU-152 and ISU-152 (SU being based on the KV chassis, ISU being based on the IS chassis) were “Beast-Killers” because they could destroy Panthers, Tigers, and Elefants. The ISU-152’s 152mm ML-20S howitzer was, indeed, capable of destroying heavy German armor, but this required a direct hit with an High Explosive (HE) shell. Such a direct hit could do one of three things to disable the tank: destroy the vehicle’s drive systems, kill its crew, or blow the turret / casemate / hull open (or even clean off, in the case of turrets). Armor Piercing (AP) and Concrete Piercing shells were developed, but these were expensive and complicated to make, hardly more effective than HE rounds, and thus were scarcely supplied – even at Kursk! However, the ISU-152 was not a dedicated tank destroyer – it was an assault gun designed for bunker busting and indirect fire. Needless to say, using an assault gun as a tank destroyer was risky business.

苏联在战时的宣传材料中说SU-152和ISU-152(SU是KV的底盘，ISU是IS的底盘)是“动物园杀手”，因为它们可以干掉黑豹，虎式以及象式坦克。ISU-152的152mm ML-20S，说实话，的确可以一发摧毁德国的厚重装甲，然而，着必须要HE弹直接命中才行。这样的直接命中可以以三种方式的其中至少一种摧毁敌方：干掉敌方的行驶系统，击杀对方的成员，或者直接把炮塔/战斗室/车体击毁(甚至直接能把炮塔轰飞)。穿甲弹和混凝土穿彻弹虽然有，但是他们非常的昂贵，难以制造，而且不如HE炮弹性价比高，因此供给数量也不多——甚至在库尔斯克会战中也是如此!但是要考虑到ISU-152并非专业的坦克歼击车-它只是一门用来对付碉堡以及战场间接支援射击的突击炮而已。不用说，用突击炮来干坦歼的事并不是很明智的选择。

Firstly, the gun would need to be fired at short ranges against enemy tanks. This is because the ML-20S was a fairly low-velocity howitzer, which would simply not be accurate enough to engage tanks from distances. Consider also that the vehicle had a maximum of 90 mm of armor, which meant that it whilst it was adequately protected from some German guns at long ranges, it simply was not thick enough to protect the vehicle in the short ranges it would need to operate in as a tank destroyer. For example, the 7.5 cm KwK 40 L/48, as mounted on StuGs, Panzer IVs, and Jagdpanzers, could penetrate 97 mm of armor at 500 m, and 87 mm of armor at 1000 m, at 30 degrees (the ISU-152 casemate was barely sloped at all). Also consider that the vehicle was simply not mobile enough to be engaging more nimble German tanks, and could probably be outmaneuvered anyway.

首先，火炮需要抵近至非常近的距离以对抗敌方的坦克。这是因为ML-20S这门主炮是门有较低初速的榴弹炮，因此精度无法达到能够远距离击穿德国坦克的程度。虽然这辆火炮有着90mm的前装甲，可以在远距离防御住某些德国主炮的射击，但是近距离却无法像一辆一般的坦克歼击车一样防御住敌方的火力。举个例子，装载在IV号突击炮或者坦克歼击车上的7.5 cm KwK 40 L/48，可以在500m的距离上击穿97mm/30°的装甲，1000m为87mm/30°(而ISU的战斗室却几乎没有任何角度)。同时你还要考虑到这辆车的机动性也不是那么好，不足以对抗德国人的灵活的坦克，甚至有被绕菊花的可能性。

Yet another major issue of using the ISU-152 as a tank destroyer was that it could only manage 1-3 rounds per minute (depending if it had one or two loaders, and how experienced they were). This meant that in any type of ‘duel’, the ISU-152 would not only need to fire first, but also guarantee a hit, or practically any opposing German tank could get numerous shots off against it – as mentioned early, likely knock-out blows. Having said this, it did not seem to be a consideration taken into account when making the “BM” projects, as the guns all had equally as poor rates of fire.

ISU-152作为坦歼的另外一大缺点就是它的射速只能达到1-3发每分钟(具体取决于车内有一个还是两个装填手，以及他们是否有经验)。这也意味着当遭遇战打响时，ISU-152必须首先开火，并且保证命中，并且一发摧毁，要不然的话对方的德国坦克就能打回来数发炮弹将之摧毁。然而话是这么说，但是BM计划中似乎并没有考虑到相关的部分，因为这些炮没一个射速快的。

In conclusion, the ISU-152 did not live up to its legendary name. Other Soviet field guns and tank destroyers had somewhat better results compared to the ISU-152, although the results were still not quite satisfactory.

总之，ISU-152并没有传说中那么厉害(基佬十：啊♂幻想乡!)。其他的入役的火炮或者坦歼从某些程度来讲比ISU-152的战果都要强一些，尽管交换比也许不是那么漂亮

Mythbusting: The 122 mm A-19S and D-25T / S were sufficient

流言终结者之二：122mm A-19S和D-25T/S就足够了

It is a commonly held belief that the 122 mm D-25T / S and A-19S were sufficient at destroying the heaviest German armor. This belief is somewhat problematic, given the weight of the evidence.

很多人都觉得，122mm A-19S和D-25T/S就足以击毁最强大的德国装甲战车了。而根据不少的证据，这个想法多少也是错误的。

According to a Wa Preuf 1 (a Wehrmacht weapons research facility) report from October 5th, 1944, the 122mm A-19 (the A-19S being used on the ISU-122, the latest Soviet SPG at that time) could not penetrate the upper glacis of a Panther. However, it could penetrate the lower glacis from a distance of up to 100 m, the mantlet from 500 m, and the side of the turret from 1500m. This was still somewhat wanting, as the Red Army would prefer to engage such tanks from longer ranges, to prevent heavy losses of their own tanks.

根据一份来自Wa Preuf 1(某德国国防军武器研制所)，发表日期为1944年10月5日的报告说，122mm A-19(A-19曾经装在ISU-122上，是当时苏联最新的自行火炮)不能击穿黑豹的首上.但是，它可以在100m距离击穿首下，在500m击穿炮塔，并且在1500m击穿炮塔侧面。这也解释了为何红军会想要一款可以远距离击穿德国坦克的火炮，因为这可亿使己方坦克减少大量损失的几率。

The improved 122mm D-25T (which was used on the IS-2, the D-25S was essentially the same, and was used on the ISU-122S) seems to have fared much better against German armor. Testing of the gun on the IS-2 platform in Kubinka in 1944 suggests that a King Tiger’s turret (likely the side) could be penetrated from up to 1000-1500m. The welds of front hull seams could also be penetrated from 500-600m. Whilst these penetration statistics might make the D-25T sound more promising, they must be taken with some caveats.

而A-19的改进型122mm D-25T(装载于IS-2上，而D-25S与其基本类似，用于ISU-122S上)对抗德国装甲部队效果看起来要好很多。在1944年库宾卡进行的在IS-2平台上的D-25T可以在1000-1500m的距离击穿虎王的炮塔(估计是侧面)。即使是车体也可以在500-600m的距离上击穿。虽然这些数据听起来让人觉得D-25T已经够用了，但这还是不够。

Firstly, to score such hits would require a very skilled and very experienced gunner – especially to score a hit on the turret from a range of up to 1500m. Secondly, similar to the ML-20S, the D-25T could only manage up to 3 rounds per minute. Thirdly, the validity of these statistics has been called into question, because they come from Soviet sources. In the past, these statistics were often exaggerated for propaganda purposes. Finally, the very fact that the ISU “BM” projects were put into production suggests that the Soviets knew that the D-25T would not give consistently reliable results in AT duties.

首先，打出这样的数据肯定需要身经百战的炮手-特别是在1500m外射中炮塔这点。其次，就像ML-20S一样，D-25T的射速也就只有3发/分。第三，这些数据的真实性也有待考证，因为这只是苏联方面的一家之词。毕竟在二战哪个年代这些东西往往只是用作宣传。最后我们本文的主要话题，也就是BM计划的诞生，也恰恰证明了苏联自身是知道D-25T在反坦克能力方面并不理想的。

Whilst, indeed, the D-25T was, in theory, capable of destroying the heaviest German armor, it was perhaps not as reliable as it needed to be in the field. Of course, it is true that penetrations were not required to disable the tank or kill the crew (both in the case of the ML-20S and D-25T), but one could not simply rely on non-penetrating hits too, in some manner, disable the tank.

确实，D-25T从理论上来说肯定是能够击毁最强大的德军坦克的，只是在实战中并没有那么靠谱而已。当然，穿深对于击毁坦克或者击杀成员来说也许并不是那么重要(对于ML-20S或者D-25T来说)，但是，不可否认，如果不能击穿敌方坦克，也就无法保证能够使其失去战斗力。

As a result of these relatively unsatisfactory Soviet AT capabilities against the Wehrmacht’s heaviest tanks, in June 1944, Zavod Nr. 100 began developing new, high velocity 122 mm, 130 mm, and 152 mm guns to be mounted on the ISU (and perhaps IS and KV) chassis.

因为苏联难以对抗德军的重型坦克，1944年6月，100号工厂开始开发新的，高初速的，可以装在ISU底盘上(说不定也能在IS或者KV底盘上)的122mm，130mm，以及152mm主炮。

Object 243 (ISU-122-1)

243工程(ISU-122-1)

Object 243 (ISU-122-1) with the 122 mm BL-9. This vehicle is distinguishable as its gun has no muzzle brake, and looks like an elongated A-19S. However, the gun replicator has been angled (see the rectangular plate on the mantlet below the gun), unlike a regular ISU-122.

装有122mm BL-9的243工程。这车很容易就能被认出来，因为它的主炮没有制退器，而且看起来就像一门A-19S。然而，这门炮的复进器是带有角度的(可以看到主炮下方炮盾上的长方形装甲板)，这点和ISU-122不同。

can be distinguished by its gun and mantlet. The gun essentially looked like a longer version of the A-19S. The mantlet also had some tweaking to fit the longer and heavier gun – most notably, the tip of the gun replicator has been angled to one side (just below the gun).

243工程装配有122mm BL-9火炮-是BL家族火炮中非常著名的一员，由172设计局设计。这辆战车的特征在于其主炮和炮盾。主炮类似于A-19S的加长版本。炮盾也有某些改动，使其能够装备更长更重的主炮-最重要的一点是这门炮的复进器是向下倾斜的。

It could penetrate 204 mm of armor at 1000 m, with 2 rounds per minute.

1000m穿深为204mm，射速为2发/分钟

The gun’s muzzle velocity was 950 m/s with an 11.9kg AP shell.

炮口初速为950m/秒，炮弹重11.9kg

It had a range of 10,700 m, compared to the 6000 m range of the 152 mm ML-20S of theISU-152 and SU-152.

射程达10700m，而ISU-152和SU-152装备的152mm ML-20S的射程为6000m

It could carry 20 AP rounds, the same as the ISU-152.

备弹20发，和ISU-152相同

Like the other “BM” guns, the BL-9 was likely too powerful for its mountings, which caused mechanical issues.

和其他BM的主炮一样，BL-9的后坐力对于其载具来说太大，会造成一系列的机械问题。

Object 246 (ISU-152-1)

Object 246 (ISU-152-1) with the 152 mm BL-8. This vehicle is distinguishable by its slightly longer gun than the Object 247 (15 cm, or 5.9 inches), but the same muzzle brake, and its unchanged gun replicator.

246工程(ISU-152-1)装备152mm BL-8.这辆车的特征是比247工程的主炮(15cm)稍微长一点的炮管长度，但是制退器没有改动，而且复进器也没有改动。

The Object 246 featured the 152 mm BL-8 gun. This vehicle can be distinguished by its distinctive muzzle brake, and unaltered gun replicator.

246工程装备有152mmBL-8主炮。这辆自行火炮的特征为比较特殊的制退器以及没有改过的复进器。

It could reportedly penetrate 203 mm of armor at 90 degrees from up to 2000 m away (dubious) 1, with 3 rounds per minute.

实验报告说他能在2000m外穿透203mm/90°的装甲(数据存疑1)，射速3发每分

The gun had a muzzle velocity of 850 m/s with a 43.56 kg HE shell.

炮口初速850m/s，HE炮弹重43.56千克

It had a maximum range of 18,500 m.

最大射程18500m

It could carry 21 rounds.

载弹量21发

Whilst these results sound excellent, trials in December 1944 showed that the crew found operating the gun difficult, the muzzle brake and breech block were unreliable, and the barrel strength and angle of horizontal guidance were unsatisfactory. Consider also that the very long gun would limit the maneuverability of the vehicle, much like the D-25S on the ISU-122S limited its maneuverability. As a result, the 152mm BL-10 was developed…

数据看起来不错，1944年12月进行的测试却表示操作这门炮非常困难，制退器和炮栓非常不靠谱，炮管的强度以及水平仪都不尽人意。另外，这门炮的长度也非常长，可能影响到本车的机动性(开着开着炮管锄地里拔不出来)，就像D-25S影响ISU-122S一样。结果就是，他们开发了152mm BL-10(基佬十：帕秋莉♂GO!)……

Object 247/ISU-152-2 by David Bocquelet

Object 247 (ISU-152-2)

247工程(ISU-152-2)

Object 247 (ISU-152-2) with the 152 mm BL-10. This vehicle is distinguishable by the length of its barrel (it was slightly shorter compared to the BL-8), its muzzle brake, and its altered gun replicator.

247工程(ISU-152-2)用有一门152mm BL-10主炮。这辆车的特征是超长炮管(尽管比BL-8稍微短一点)，有制退器，以及可动的的复进器。

The Object 247 fitted the 152 mm BL-10 gun, an improvement of the BL-8. This vehicle can be distinguished by its muzzle brake and slightly altered gun mantlet, whereby the rectangular tip of the gun replicating system had been angled, unlike the original ISU mantlet.

247工程装有152mm BL-10主炮，其是BL-8火炮的改进版。本车的特征为其制退器以及稍微可动的炮盾长方形盖子，这是因为主炮和原版ISU不一样，复进器有角度。

It could penetrate 205 mm of armor from 1000 m.

1000m穿深205mm

The gun had a muzzle velocity of 851 m/s with a 43.56 kg HE shell.

炮口初速851m/s，HE弹重43.56kg

It had a maximum range of 17,000 m.

最大射程17000m

It could carry 20 HE shells.

可携带20发HE

Testing revealed that barrel integrity and angle of horizontal guidance were poor.

测试限时，垂直水平射界都不高

It was eventually deemed that there was no need for this work to continue, mostly because the war was over, and there was no need to combat heavily armored German vehicles.

这个工程最终也被证明无需继续下去了，基本原因是因为战争已经结束了，再也不用和德国的超重型坦克战斗了

Consider also, that whilst the barrel length was a little shorter than the BL-8, it, too, would still suffer from maneuverability issues as a result.

另外就是，虽然炮管长度比BL-8稍微短一点，但是依旧在机动的时候会造成很多问题。

Object 250 (ISU-130)

250工程(ISU-130)

Object 250 (ISU-130) with the 130 mm S-26. This vehicle is distinguishable by its unique muzzle brake.

250工程(ISU-130)装别有130mm S-26。这辆车的特征是其独一无二的制退器

The Object 250 (ISU-130) was built in autumn, 1944 and featured a 130 mm (5.12 in) S-26 gun. This gun is sometimes referred to as a naval gun, but this is not entirely accurate – the S-26 derived from a naval gun and featured a rectangular muzzle brake and horizontal wedges.

250工程与1944年秋天建成，装备一门130mm(5.12英寸)S-26火炮。这门火炮有时候经常被称作是一门舰炮，但是这句话不完全对，因为S-26虽然是以舰炮设计的，但是却拥有一个方形的制退器，以及水平的楔子。

It could penetrate 196 mm of armor from 1000 m.

1000m穿深为196mm

It had a muzzle velocity of 702 m/s, firing a 33.4kg HE shell, with 1.5-2.5 rounds per minute.

炮口初速702m/s，HE炮弹重33.4kg，射速1.5-2.5每秒。

It had a range of 15,000 m.

射程15000m

It could carry 25 shells, which were smaller than 152mm shells, meaning that it provided similar ballistic results to the 152mm BM guns, but could carry more shells.

可以携带25发炮弹，因为130mm炮弹比152的小一些，换句话说，130mm炮拥有和152mm BM炮类似的弹道效果，却能携带更多的炮弹

In October 1944, the ISU-130 underwent factory trials, and the following month, trials were held at the Polygon.

1944年10月，ISU-130进行了工厂测试，测试在Semipalatinsk测试场进行

A major concern came from the caliber – 130mm. The issue was that the army would have to make special arrangements for the 130mm naval shells to be supplied to the army, and thus it was decided that a gun using current army-issue 122mm or 152mm would be preferable.

主要问题在于口径130mm。问题在于，军方需要为该车另开辟一个特殊的补给线，但是如果用122mm或者152mm口径却不会有这个问题

Testing of the ISU-130 ended in 1945, and the gun was sent to the TaSKB for completion, but the war was over, and the project was disbanded.

1945年，ISU-130的测试结束，这辆自行火炮被送至TaSKB进行对比，但是战争已经结束，所以项目也就取消了

The ISU-130 is currently preserved at the Kubinka Tank Museum.

现在你仍能在库宾卡坦克博物馆看到这辆战车。

Object 251 (ISU-122-3)

251工程(ISU-122-3)

Object 251 (ISU-122-3) with the 122 mm S-26-1. This vehicle is distinguishable by its round gun mantlet and its unique cylindrical muzzle brake.

251工程(ISU-122-3)搭载一门122mm S-26-1火炮。这辆车的显著特征是圆形的炮盾以及特殊的圆形制退器

The Object 251 was derived from the ISU-130. It featured essentially a 122 mm version of the 130 mm S-26, which was designated the S-26-1. It had a round muzzle brake, different components, but the mantlet was the same shape.

251工程是ISU-130的发展型号。这门火炮基本上就是122mm型的130mm S-26，代号为S-26-1。制退器为圆形，但是炮盾保持了原来的样子

It could penetrate 204 mm of armor from 1000 m.

1000m穿深为204mm

It had very similar ballistics to the BL-9, but had a muzzle velocity of 1000 m/s, firing a 25kg shell.

弹道属性类似BL-9，但是炮弹初速为1000m/s，炮弹重25kg。

It could fire a disappointing 1.5-1.8 rounds per minute.

但是射速丢人，只有1.5-1.8发每分

It underwent field tests in November 1944, but according to sources, something (probably the mantlet and / or gun mechanism), was simply not strong enough to withstand firing the gun.

1944年11月开始场地测试，但是根据报告，某些零件(大概是炮盾和/或者是炮的某些机构)的强度不够，无法支持射击。

The gun project was totally completed in June 1945, but was abandoned due to the war’s end.

主炮的设计与1945年6月完成，但是因为战争结束，也就车体放弃了。

(Note that the ISU-122-2 was the ISU-122S with the 122 mm D-25S, hence the skip from ISU-122-1 to ISU-122-3).

(需要注意的是，ISU-122-2，也就是ISU-122S，装备的是122mm D-25S，因为毛子跳过了ISU-122-1和ISU-122-3)。

总结

The “ISU High Powered Gun Projects” were, in many respects, a failure. True, the guns were incredibly potent, particularly in the case of the S-26-1, which could penetrate 204 mm from 1000 m. They also had a very long range, only limited by the elevation of the ISU mantlet. However, they were simply not practical and mechanically reliable enough for their intended purpose, which was to knock out the thickest armored Wehrmacht tanks consistently, and from long ranges.

“ISU加强主炮计划”无论怎么看，最终都是以失败而告终的，这些火炮都有很多优势，特别是S-26-1能在1000m的穿深达到了204mm，而且他们的射程都很远，只是因为ISU的底盘而有所限制。然而，这些计划都不够现实，并且对于他们所需要担当的任务来说----也就是在远距离击毁德国重甲坦克，可靠性也是远远不够的。

Even if the vehicles were put into serial production, how often these tanks would face off with the most heavily armored vehicles of the Wehrmacht is questionable. With Jagdtigers, King Tigers, and Ferdinands being so rare, the war was more likely to have ended before the ISU High Powered Projects saw combat with the vehicles they were designed to destroy. What had ultimately put the nail in the coffin for these guns was that the war had ended, and they were no longer necessary.

就算这些坦克最终通过了验收，他们有几次能够正面对抗德国的重型坦克也是个谜。像猎虎，虎王，斐迪南的已经是如此的稀少，战争也快打完了，很可能ISU们还没有设计完毕这些坦克就都成废铁了。因此最后将ISU计划推入棺材的实际上是战争的结束。

Sidenote: Designations and identification through photos

后注：如何从图片识别和判定车辆

In the writing of this article, it has been exceptionally difficult to pin down which photos correspond to which project. Indeed, some sources only mention four (in some cases, only three) High Powered Gun Project vehicles. It has been the author’s conclusion that there were five such High Powered Gun Projects mounted onto ISU chassis, as outlined in Solyankin’s book “Советские тяжелые самоходные артиллерийские установки 1941-45″. Most online sources, particularly non-Russian language sources, are incredibly inaccurate. Gun statistics were mostly provided by a Soviet data set as provided by However, these statistics sometimes differ with Solyankin.

当我写下这篇文章的时候，发现实际上很难从图片上识别里面的车辆是属于哪个项目的。实际上，某些来源中只提到了其中的4个(某些来源甚至只有3个)项目。因此我总结了一下，根据Solyankin所著《Советские тяжелые самоходные артиллерийские установки 1941-45》，一共有5种ISU底盘上的BM项目。很多在线的来源，特别是非俄文的来源，惊人的都不正确。主炮的数据基本都以苏联的资料判断，然而，某些数据和Solyankin提供的有所不同。

Notes:脚注：

1 – Note 1 – Most data has been obtained from this Soviet data set. However, certain statistics have not been given and have been obtained from alternative (potentially dubious) sources. Where necessary, statistics provided by Solyankin have been used, but these are questionable.

脚注1-大部分的数据都包含来自苏联的数据，然而，某些数据并未被给出，并且包括不同的来源(因为比较可疑)。如果必要的话会采用Solyankin的数据，但是这些数据依旧存疑

2 – Note 2 – Experienced crews were able to load much faster. Consider that the BM guns were likely tested by experts in test ground conditions, thus likely making their rounds per minute data higher than would be in the field, by more typical tank crews.

脚注2-熟练的车组成员可以装填的更快。考虑到BM火炮都是在专业人员操作并且处于测试的条件下，他们的装填速度肯定要比实战中一般的坦克成员要更快一些

3 – Note 3 – Obtaining the ISU-122S’ ammo capacity has been difficult. It is reported that with a crew of four, instead of five (IE, one loader instead of two), then ammo capacity was increased, but the only given figure is 30, presumably with two loaders.

不同的ISU-122S的炮弹携带数量是不同的。某些报告说，如果成员是4人一组而非5人的话(就是说有一个装填手而非2个)，炮弹携带数量也会增加，但是根据推测基本也就是30发左右

Sources:资料来源(反正你们在国内也看不见我就装装样子就好了)

“Germany’s Panther Tank: The Quest for Combat Supremacy”, by Thomas Jentz

“Sturmgeschutz & Its Variants”, by Walter J. Spielberger

“Советские тяжелые самоходные артиллерийские установки 1941-45”, by A.G. Solyankin

battlefield.ru

battlefield.ru (second page)

forum.axishistory.com

tankarchives.blogspot

tankarchives.blogspot (second page)

tankarchives.blogspot (third page)

armchairgeneral.com forums

WW2 AT Penetrations.pdf

alternatewars.com

alternatewars.com (second page)

ftr.wot-news.com

3.bp.blogspot